Researcher | Nanofluid | Method of nanofluid preparation | Particle size (nm) | Particle volume concentration % | Flow regime (Range of Reynolds number) | Heat transfer enhancement mechanisms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
He et al. (2007) | TiO2/water | Ultrasonication | 95,145 and 210 | 1.0, 2.5 and 4.9 (wt.%) | Laminar and Turbulent (800–6500) | Increasing particle concentration and decreasing particle (agglomerate) size |
Kayhani et al. (2012) | TiO2/water | Two step | 15 | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 | Turbulent (7000–15000) | Particle volume concentration |
Rayatzadeh et al. (2013) | TiO2/water | Two step | 30 | 0- 0.25 | Laminar (800–2000) | Dispersion of suspended nanoparticles and sonication |
Wen and Ding (2004) | γ-Al2O3/water | Ultrasonic bath | 26-56 | 0- 4 (wt. %) | Laminar/entrance region (600–2200) | Non-uniform distribution of thermal conductivity due to particle migration effect and thermal boundary layer thickness reduced with effect of viscosity field |
Anoop et al. (2009) | Al2O3/water | Laser evaporated physical | 45 and 150 | 1, 2, 4 and 6 (wt. %) | Laminar/developing flow (500–2500) | Thermal dispersion and particle migration effects |
Hwang et al. (2009) | Al2O3/Water | Two step method (ultrasonication) | 30 | 0.01-0.3 | Fully developed laminar flow (500–800) | Due to particle migration induced by Brownian diffusion there was flattening of velocity profile and thermopherisis |
Chandrasekar et al. (2010) | Al2O3/Water | Microwave assisted chemical precipitation method | 43 | 0.1 | Fully- developed Laminar flow (600–2400) | Flattens the temperature distribution due to the effects of dispersion or back-mixing which is attributed by wire coil insert and create the temperature gradient steeper between the fluid and wall |
Mansour et al. (. 2011) | Al2O3/water | - | 36 | 0-4 | Laminar mixed convection flow (350–900) | Particle volume concentration and inclination of tube |
Yu et al. (2012) | Al2O3-polyalphaolefin (PAO) | Ultra- sonication (spherical, nano-rods) | 60 for spherical; d = 7, l = 85 for nano-rods | 0.65 | Laminar (100–500) | Particle volume concentration, other parameters such as dispersion state, aspect ratio and aggregation of nanoparticles as well as the shear field |
Sahin et al. (2013) | Al2O3/water | Two step | - | 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 | Turbulent (4000–20,000) | Particle volume concentration and Reynolds number |
Esmaeilzadeh et al. (2013) | γ-Al2O3/water | Ultrasonication | 15 | 0.5, 1 | Laminar (400–2000) | Particle volume concentration |
Suresh et al. (2012) | CuO/ Water | Sol–gel method | 15.7 | 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 | Turbulent (2500–6000) | Increasing volume concentration in plain tube, Reynolds number and dimpledtube in geometry |
Razi et al. (2011) | CuO/oil | Chemical Analysis | 50 | 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 (wt. %) | Laminar (10–100) | Flattening the tube profile |
Saeedinia et al. (2012) | CuO/oil | Chemical Analysis | 50 | 0.07 -0.3 | Laminar (15–110) | Wire coil insert |
Hashemi and Akhavan-Behabadi (2012) | CuO/oil | Ultrasonic processor | 50 | 0.5,1 and 2 (wt. %) | Laminar (100–2000) | Helical tube curvature |
Selvakumar and Suresh (2012) | CuO/water | Ultrasonication | 27-37 | 0.1 and 0.2 | Turbulent ( 2985–9360) | Increment in the volume flow rate and nanoparticle volume fraction |
Yu et al. (2013) | Copper-in-Therminol 59 | Sonication | 50 to 100 | 0.50, 0.75 and 2.00 | Turbulent (3000–8000) | Base fluid used as high temperature heat transfer fluid |
Sundar et al. (2012) | Fe3O4/Water | Purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Ltd., USA | 36 | 0-0.6 | Turbulent (3000–22,000) | Use of twisted tape insert of twist ratio H/D = 5 |
Ding et al. (2006) | *MWCNT/water | Ultrasonication and high shear homogenization | - | 0.5 (wt. %) | Laminar (800–1200) | Particle re-arrangement, due to the presence of nanoparticles there was reduction of thermal boundary layer, shear induced thermal conduction enhancement |
Chen et al. (2008) | Titnate nanotube/ water | Shear homogenizing | *d = 10 l = 100 | 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 (wt. %) | Laminar (1100–2300) | Particle re-arrangement under shear, enhanced wettability and particle shape effect and aggregation (structuring) |
Garg et al. (2009) | *MWCNT/water, | Ultrasonication/ Power Law viscosity model | *d = 10–20 l = 0.5- 40 μm | 1 | Laminar (600–1200) | Increase in axial distance |
Amrollahi et al. (2010) | FMWNT/water | Ultrasonication | 150–200 | 0, 0.1, 0.12, 0.2 and 0.25 (wt. %) | Laminar and Turbulent (1500–5000) | Effective parameters includingmass fraction, Reynolds number, and temperature, altogether in entrance region |
Liu et al. (2010) | *CNT/CTAC | Ultrasonic bath | *d = 10-20 l = 1–2 μm | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 (wt. %) | Turbulent (104 to 5 \( \times \)104) | A new kind of aqueous drag reducing base fluid |
Behbadi et al. (2012) | *MWCNT/heat transfer oil | Ultrasonic processor | - | 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 (wt. %) | Laminar (100–1800) | Diffusion of particle in base fluid and helical tube profile |
Wang et al. (2013) | *MWCNT/De-ionized water | Binary mixing | *d=20-30 l=5-30 μm | 0.0 and 0.24 | Laminar (20 to 250) | Enhanced thermal conductivity and nature of nanoparticle |
Azmi et al. (2013) | SiO2/water | Mechanical Homogenisation | 22 | 0- 4 | Turbulent (5000–27,000) | Increment in particle volume concentration |
Kim et al. (2009) | Alumina/water amorphous carbonic nanoparticles/ water | Two step and one step | 20-50 | 0-3 0–3.5 | Laminar (800–2400) and Turbulent (3000–6500) | Disturbances of thermal boundary layers |
Rea et al. (2009) | Alumina/water Zirconia/water | Purchased Nyacol_Nano Technologes Inc. | 50 | 0- 6 0-3 | Laminar- entrance and fully-developed region (432–1888); (333–356) | Due to various mixture properties of nanofluid |
Vajjha et al. (2010) | *Al2O3/EG-water (60:40) CuO/EG-water(60:40) SiO2/EG-water (60:40) | Ultrasonication | 45 29 20, 50 and100 | 0-0.1 0–0.006 0–0.1 | Fully developed turbulent (2200–16000) | Particle volume concentration |
Suresh et al. (2011) | Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid | Two Step method | 15 | 0.1 | Fully developed laminar (700–2300) | Hybrid nanofluid has higher friction factor than Al2O3/water nanofluid |