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Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering
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Properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites prepared using various compatibilizers

International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering volume 10, Article number: 7 (2015) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

In the fabrication of polymer/clay nanocomposites, the compatibilizer plays a vital role in altering the properties of nanocomposite systems. The present work primarily deals with the development of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/clay nanocomposites containing different compatibilizers (PP-g-MA, PE-g-MA and PS-g-MA) with 5 wt.% nanoclay.

Methods

The various PMMA nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation method using twin screw extruder followed by injection moulding to make specimens for mechanical testing.

Results

The mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by tensile test, impact, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intercalated structure of the PMMA nanocomposites is validated by XRD and TEM analysis. The results are found to be good agreement with each other.

Conclusions

The TGA data demonstrate that PMMA nanocomposites exhibit enhanced thermal stability of 22-36 °C with respect to pure PMMA, at 50% weight loss is considered as point of reference. The PMMA nanocomposite prepared with PS-g-MA compatibilizer promotes adequate interface adhesion between the nanoclay and polymer matrix. As a result, PMMA-5-PS sample displays improved mechanical properties over PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PE samples. The maximum improvement of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and hardness for the PMMA-5-PS nanocomposites over PMMA-5-PE is estimated to be 8, 2 and 26 %, respectively.

Background

Polymer nanocomposites have received considerable interest, both in academia and in industry, because of their enhanced properties at very low loading levels compared with conventional polymer composites. They generally display superior properties such as mechanical, thermal, gas-barrier property, flame retardant and dimensional stability with respect to conventional filler composites. These improved properties are often obtained by the incorporation of nanofillers with preferably less than 100 nm in size (Ray and Okamoto 2003). Several nanoparticulates such as clay minerals, carbon nanotubes, silica and TiO2 nanoparticles are generally used in altering the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of polymers (Ahmad et al. 2006; Zheng et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2006; Etienne et al. 2007).

PMMA is an atactic, amorphous and optically transparent material with high strength, excellent dimensional stability and outdoor weather performance. However, its application is restricted at higher temperature due to its relatively poor thermal stability. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology is implemented in this field, in order to further improve the properties of PMMA. In such technology, montmorillonite (MMT) modified with organic modifier, also known as organoclay, is impregnated into polymer matrix. To obtain nanoscale dispersion of the organoclay, the modification of PMMA matrix with polar molecules is recommended prior to organoclay incorporation. Compatibilizers are generally added in the nanocomposites in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between organoclay and polymer matrix that generally results in enhanced mechanical and morphological properties (Lim et al. 2006; Chow et al. 2005).

Various methods have been employed for the synthesis of polymer nanocomposites with better properties such as solvent blending, in situ polymerization and melt-intercalation technique (Krajnc and Sebenik 2009; Li et al. 2008; Fu and Naguib 2006). Melt intercalation has been widely accepted and an economical method for industrial applications. The effect of various compatibilizers on polymer matrix or blends has been studied by numerous authors (Shanks and Cerezo 2012; Dayma et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2003; Lu et al. 2004, Zhu et al. 2008). The HDPE and nitrile copolymer nanocomposites with organoclay were synthesized by solution blending method and found that greater dispersion was obtained in nitrile copolymer matrix (Jeon et al. 1998). Kim et al. (2007a, 2007b) developed PP/clay nanocomposites. They reported that the aspect ratio of clay decreased when the clay content increased and the aspect ratio increased with an increase in the PP-g-MA content. Kitayama et al. (1991) prepared triblock copolymer of PMMA and polyisobutylene by anionic polymerization and reported that block copolymer formed was rigid spherical particles, which can be used as elastomer. Kouini and Serier (2012)) found that the impact property increased with the incorporation of PP-g-MA in PP/PA66 nanocomposites. TPO/PP-g-MA/MMT nanocomposites prepared by Kim et al. (2007a, 2007b) revealed that the modulus and yield strength enhanced by increasing PP-g-MA/organoclay ratios. Zhou et al. (2007) prepared the PMMA/PVC by melt blending using PB-g-MMA as impact modifier. The result clearly indicated that the sample broke in brittle mode when the matrix was PMMA rich, while in PVC-rich system, ductile fracture occurred. Lai et al. (2009) fabricated PP/nanocomposites with two different compatibilizers (POE-g-MA and PP-g-MA) by melt mixing method. They found that PP-g-MA compatibilized system conferred higher tensile strength, modulus and optical properties as compared to POE-g-MA compatibilized system. Wang et al. (2013) reported the development of PP nanocomposites using PP-g-MA by compression method. The results suggested that MCM-41 and SBA-15 exhibited favourable effect on flammability and tensile properties of PP nanocomposites. Lin et al. (2013) studied β-PP/PA6 blends, and the results indicated that the addition of PP-g-MA resulted in PP-g-MA graft copolymer, which improved the interfacial adhesion and reduced the sizes of PA6 domains. Lee et al. (2005) synthesized the PE/clay nanocomposites containing PP-g-MA by melt-intercalation method. They found that tensile and gas barrier properties were improved at 7 % clay loading. Zhao et al. (2008) reported that the Tg and thermal decomposition temperature of PMMA nanocomposite were enhanced by 23 and 93 °C, respectively, in the presence of octavinyl-polyhedral oligomeric silseoquioxane (OV-POSS). In the study of Wang et al. (2011), the addition of PMMA/MCM-41 filler and PP-g-MA in PP nanocomposites showed better tensile and impact properties. Quintanilla et al. (2006) prepared PP/MMT nanocomposites with different grafting efficiency of PP-g-MA. The result clearly indicated that PP/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites with higher efficiency PP-g-MA (2.0) exhibited better tensile and impact properties as compared to Cloisite 30B and neat clay. The incorporation of POE-g-MA in PET/PP blends considerably improved mechanical properties such as elongation at break and impact strength (Chiu and Hsiao 2006). It is very clear from the literature review that the compatibilizer plays a major role in improving the properties of nanocomposite systems. Hence, it is essential to examine the role of various compatibilizers on the properties of PMMA nanocomposites.

To our best knowledge, no researchers have investigated the influence of compatibilizers on the properties of PMMA nanocomposites prepared using nanoclay modified with 15–35 % octadecylamine and 0.5–5 wt.% aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Thus, the aim of the present work is to investigate the role of various compatibilizers (PP-g-MA, PE-g-MA, PS-g-MA) on the properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites developed by melt blending method. The morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are evaluated using various techniques.

Methods

Materials

PMMA (IG 840) used in this study was a commercial product from LG Polymers, South Korea. The melt flow index (MFI at 230 °C and 3.8 kg load) and specific gravity of PMMA were 5.8 g/10 min and 1.18, respectively. Nanoclay (Nanomer 1.31 PS, MMT clay surface modified with 15–35 % octadecylamine and 0.5–5 wt.% aminopropyltriethoxysilane), polypropylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene-graft-maleic anhydride (PS-g-MA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.

Preparation of PMMA/clay nanocomposites

Prior to melt intercalation, PMMA pellets and organoclay were dried in a vacuum oven at 80 and 65 °C, respectively, for 12 h. PMMA nanocomposites containing 5 wt.% of organoclay and 5 wt.% of compatibilizer were prepared by melt intercalation technique in a twin screw extruder (Make: Specifiq Engineering and Automats, Vadodara, India; Model-ZV-20 HI TORQUE). In a typical experiment, PMMA, organoclay and different compatibilizers were fed into the extruder and the obtained extrudate was quenched in water at room temperature. Subsequently, the extrudate was cut into pellets and then dried before being injection moulded (JSW, Japan; Model-180 High Pressure) at 180–250 °C to make specimens for mechanical testing. Hereafter, the nanocomposites prepared using PP-g-MA, PE-g-MA and PS-g-MA along with 5 wt.% nanoclay is referred as PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS. Pure PMMA sample was also prepared by a similar method in the absence of compatibilizer and clay.

Measurements

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

The FTIR analysis of different nanocomposites was performed on Shimadzu Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the different functional peaks in nanocomposites.

X-ray diffraction analysis

X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile of organoclay and various PMMA nanocomposite samples were measured under air at room temperature by AXS D8 ADVANCE Fully Automatic Powder X-ray Diffractometer (Bruker) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) and Ni filter. The patterns were recorded for 2θ range from 1°–50° with 0.05 s−1 scan speed.

Transmission electron microscopy

The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of PMMA nanocomposites were obtained on JOEL, Model-JEM-2100 transmission electron micro analyser with an accelerating voltage of 200 KV.

Mechanical properties

The tensile properties were measured based on ASTM D 638 at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min using INSTRON (M 3382, UK) universal testing machine. The flexural strength and modulus of PMMA nanocomposites were measured according to ASTM D790. The test was carried out on INSTRON (M 3382, UK) universal testing machine. A rectangular bar was placed on the 3-point bending configuration at 1.45 mm/min deformation rate. Both the tests were performed at 23 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 5 % relative humidity. Five samples were tested for each composition, and the average value was reported. Impact strength measurements were performed using an impactometer (M/s Tinius Olsen, USA). The hardness (Shore D) of the nanocomposites was measured according to ASTM D2240. Ten readings were taken at different regions for each sample, and average value was reported.

DSC analysis

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed on a Metler Toledo-1 series to evaluate the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PMMA nanocomposites. Samples were heated from 25 to 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1 under nitrogen atmosphere.

Thermo gravimetric analysis

The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was recorded on Mettler Toledo thermoanalyser under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 700 °C.

Results and discussion

FTIR

Figure 1 represents the FTIR spectra of different compatibilizers (PE-g-MA, PP-g-MA and PS-g-MA) used in this study. The CH- asymmetric (2930–2970 cm−1) and symmetric stretching (2840–2860 cm−1) are clearly seen in polyolefin-based compatibilizers. The characteristic peak of grafted anhydride, which is too small to observe, is found at 1843 cm−1 (Kouini and Serier 2012; Wang et al. 1999). In PS-g-MA compatibilizer, the band present at the 671 cm−1 is the δc = c of the phenyl group (Li et al. 2002).

Fig. 1
figure 1

FTIR spectra of various compatibilizers: a PE-g-MA, b PP-g-MA, c PS-g-MA

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In Fig. 2, the FTIR spectrum of nanoclay displays that the peak exhibited at 1046 cm−1 is attributed to the Si-O stretching vibration of clay. For nanoclay, two peaks were observed in between 3300 and 3700 cm−1, which corresponds to -OH stretching vibration. The first peak at 3630 cm−1 is assigned to isolated OH groups, while the other found at 3246 cm−1 is involved in hydrogen bonding. Three subsequent peaks were recorded at 2922, 2849 and 1465 cm−1, which denotes CH2 asymmetric stretching, symmetric stretching and in-plane scissoring vibrations, respectively. The peaks appeared at 917, 750, 530 and 458 cm−1 that correspond to AlAlOH, AlMgOH, Al-O and Mg-O bending vibration, respectively (Madejová 2003). The absorption band at 1612 cm−1 resembles to the bending vibration mode of hydrated water molecules and weakly bonded water molecules (Manoratne et al. 2006).

Fig. 2
figure 2

FTIR spectra of a nanoclay, b pure PMMA, c PMMA-5-PE, d PMMA-5-PP e and PMMA-5-PS

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The FTIR of PMMA and its nanocomposites show a characteristic peak at 1731 cm−1, which denotes the >C = O group present in the polymer. The band at 986 cm−1 denotes the -C-H bending of polymer chain. The peak observed at 1436 cm−1 corresponds to -O-CH3 deformation of PMMA. The band exhibited at 2994 cm−1 is due to the ester methyl stretching vibrations. The peak appeared at 2950 cm−1 corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibration of -CH3 group. A very clear and sharp peak is noticed in the range of 3438–3442 cm−1 that shows the intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between nanoclay and PMMA Mohanty and Nayak (2010). As the pure polymer and different composite samples mainly consist of PMMA, it is observed that there is no much difference among composites prepared with various compatibilizers (Fig. 2c–e). Mohanty and Nayak (2010) also reported similar type of result with PMMA-g-MA and Closite 30B clay.

XRD analysis

XRD is a most useful technique for the measurement of d-spacing of ordered intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites. The intercalated nanocomposite with increased d-spacing denotes that polymer has entered the clay gallery while in exfoliated nanocomposites, no peak is noticed recommending that a considerable amount of polymer has inserted the gallery space and expanding the clay layers so far (Morgan and Gilman 2003). The XRD pattern of nanoclay, pure PMMA and its nanocomposites in the 2θ range of 1°–50° is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3
figure 3

XRD pattern of a nanoclay, b pure PMMA, c PMMA-5-PE, d PMMA-5-PP and e PMMA-5-PS

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The main diffraction peak for nanoclay, pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PE, PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PS sample, is obtained at 2θ value of 4.15°, 13.34°, 2.74°, 2.54° and 2.70°, respectively. The d001 spacing is calculated from peak positions using Bragg’s law: λ = 2d sin θ, where λ is the X-ray wave length (1.5406 Å). The basal spacing of the d001 peak of organically modified nanoclay is estimated as 2.13 nm. In the nanocomposites, a large broad hump is originated from the PMMA matrix. The d-spacing (d001) value of PMMA-5-PE, PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PS is found to be 3.22, 3.47 and 3.26 nm, respectively. This clearly reveals that nanoclay layers have been introduced in the nanocomposites as a single polymer chain enters between the silicate layers, and a tactoid morphology results with alternating polymeric and inorganic layers. The diverse d-spacing value obtained for the PMMA nanocomposite with different compatibilizer materials is probably due to the amount of polymer penetrated between the clay platelets and the interaction between a particular compatibilizer with PMMA matrix.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

In addition to XRD investigations, TEM analysis of the PMMA nanocomposites was performed to delineate the dispersion status of nanoclay in the PMMA matrix. The TEM images of PMMA nanocomposites with different compatibilizer are demonstrated in Fig. 4. The dark lines (stacked silicate platelets) denote clay tactoids, and the rest of the area represents organic matrix. The extent of exfoliation and intercalation completely depends on the hydrophilicity of the compatibilizer and the chain length of the organic modifier in the clay (Wang et al. 2001). All the images exhibit intercalated structure, which is in agreement with XRD results as shown in Fig. 3. In the PMMA-5-PP sample, four to five layers of nanoclay are stacked together, which leads to tactoid structure. However, it is clearly visible from the image of PMMA-5-PE sample (Fig. 4b) that a small amount of PMMA enters into the gallery spacing between the clay platelets resulting in an intercalated structure. The PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite has mixed morphological structure, i.e. a combination of tactoids and exfoliated particles.

Fig. 4
figure 4

TEM images of a PMMA-5-PP, b PMMA-5-PE and c PMMA-5-PS

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Tensile properties

Figure 5 shows the role of different compatibilizer on the tensile properties of PMMA. In general, an addition of clay increases the reinforcement of polymer matrix that results in enhanced mechanical properties. It is observed from Fig. 5 that the PMMA nanocomposites prepared with different compatibilizers display enhanced tensile modulus with respect to pure PMMA. In comparison with pure PMMA, the enhancement of modulus is found to be 16, 17, and 20 % for PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS, respectively. This clearly indicates that there is an effective stress transfer from organoclay to polymer matrix in the presence of high aspect ratio nanoscale platelets. It is also observed that polystyrene-based compatibilizer demonstrates higher modulus when compared with PE-g-MA compatibilizer. It is presumed that both polystyrene and PMMA are amorphous in nature and hence, there may be good miscibility between two polymers that results in increased modulus over PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PP nanocomposites. Similar observations were obtained by Mohanty and Nayak (2010) for PMMA-g-MA nanocomposites based on Cloisite 30B clay. It is noteworthy to mention that even though tensile strength reduced slightly after incorporation of nanoclay, modulus is constantly increased. Similar findings were also obtained for polystyrene (Lee et al. 2009) and polyurethane (Chung et al. 2008) containing organoclay.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Tensile properties of pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS

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It is clear from Fig. 5 that PMMA nanocomposites demonstrate slightly lower tensile strength as compared to pure PMMA. It is known that PMMA is brittle in nature to some extent, and the addition of nanoclay particles provides further brittleness characteristics in the amorphous polymer, thus leading to a slight decrease in tensile strength. It is also observed that tactoid structure present in the polymer matrix (see Fig. 4) leads to lower tensile strength. The PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite shows the tensile strength of 55.5 MPa by the incorporation of PS-g-MA compatibilizer, which is higher than that of PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PE samples. One of the main reasons is that both polystyrene and PMMA are amorphous in nature. Hence, there may be a possibility that PS makes good compatibility with PMMA resulting to enhanced tensile strength over other composites.

Flexural properties

The influence of different compatibilizers on the flexural properties is depicted in Fig. 6. The PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS samples have the flexural modulus of 4064, 3092 and 3561 MPa, respectively, whereas the pure PMMA sample possesses the flexural modulus of 3688 MPa. The PMMA-5-PP nanocomposite shows 10 % enhanced modulus when compared with pure PMMA. This elucidates that PP-g-MA provides better distribution of silicate platelets of nanoclay in the polymer matrix and as a result, stiffness of the PMMA-5-PP nanocomposite is improved. The reduced modulus in the nanocomposite may be due to the agglomeration of nanoclay in the PMMA matrix. The degree of intercalation/exfoliation, distribution and orientation of organoclay platelets in the direction of flow in PMMA nanocomposites also play a major role in ascertaining the flexural modulus (Shah 2007). Nevertheless, the flexural modulus of the PMMA-5-PS sample is almost same as pure PMMA indicating that PS-g-MA compatibilizer makes good bonding with PMMA matrix when compared with PE-g-MA. The obtained results are in good agreement with polypropylene-based nanocomposites using PP-g-MA as a compatibilizer (Kim et al. 2007a, 2007b). Similarly, the flexural strength of the PMMA-5-PE sample is lower with respect to pure PMMA, which is assumed due to the aggregation of nanoclay arises by filler-filler interaction. On the other hand, the addition of PS-g-MA compatibilizer improves the flexural strength of the PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite in comparison with PMMA-5-PE sample. It is believed that the presence of compatibilizer and nanoclay increases the fracture energy and provides a strong interfacial shear stress. Therefore, the applied stress is expected to be easily transferred from the polymer matrix onto the organoclay particles resulting in an enhancement of the mechanical properties. The PMMA-5-PS sample exhibits ~53 % improvement in flexural strength with respect to PMMA-5-PE nanocomposite.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Flexural properties of pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS

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Impact strength

The impact strength of PMMA nanocomposites with nanoclay and different compatibilizer are shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen from the graph that impact energy of different PMMA nanocomposites reduces as compared to pure PMMA. The reduction in impact strength is presumably due to the partially exfoliated nanoclay platelets in polymer matrix. The PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PP nanocomposite exhibit 44 and 56 % lower impact energy with respect to pure PMMA, respectively. It is observed from these results that polyolefin-based compatibilizers are not much efficient to improve the reinforcing properties of the polymer nanocomposites. It is found that immobilization of macromolecular chains is increased by the addition of nanoclay in polymer matrix. Therefore, the brittleness property of PMMA is further increased, which might be one of the main reasons for reduced impact strength. It is also noticed that the movement of nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites is constrained, as a result unable to provide additional energy dissipating mechanism. Thus, during impact test, the nanocomposites absorb a smaller amount of energy through deformation and breaks easily (Mohanty and Nayak 2010). The PMMA-5-PS has impact energy of 54.15 J/m and it is about 4.31 % lower than the pure PMMA. It is also noticed from the mechanical properties that PMMA-5-PS shows very close property to pure PMMA. As discussed earlier, polystyrene is amorphous in nature and may have good compatibility with PMMA matrix, which is also amorphous. As a result of good blending, the impact strength of PMMA-5-PS is close to pure PMMA.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Impact strength and hardness of pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS

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Hardness

Figure 7 represents the Shore D hardness (ASTM D2240) of pure PMMA and its nanocomposites. The hardness of PMMA nanocomposites increases with incorporation of nanoclay and compatibilizer. The average value of the Shore D hardness is observed to be 58, 62, 70 and 78 for pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PE, PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PS nanocomposites, respectively. All the nanocomposites exhibit better hardness over pure PMMA. The increase in the hardness is due to the presence of clay platelets in the polymer matrix. The clay platelets adequately restrict the indentation and thus enhance the hardness of the nanocomposites. It is noteworthy to mention that improvement of hardness for PMMA-5-PS sample is significant in comparison with PMMA-5-PP and PMMA-5-PE. PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite demonstrates a maximum improvement of Shore D hardness of 34 % over pure PMMA.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

The DSC study of pure PMMA and its nanocomposites has been carried out in order to examine the mobility of PMMA chains in terms of its Tg (glass transition temperature) in the clay layers, and the results are displayed in Fig. 8. The glass transition temperature is determined at the inflection point between the onset and the end-set temperatures. The DSC graph exhibits the presence of second-order transition corresponding to the Tg of pure PMMA matrix around 109.3 °C. However, there is no first-order transition, which indicates the absence of melting temperature, thus confirming amorphous characteristics of the matrix polymer. The Tg of PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite is found to be 111.4, 111.5 and 111.4 °C, respectively. This demonstrates that nanocomposites exhibit marginal improvement in Tg of about 2 °C as compared to pure PMMA. The DSC isotherm also shows that compatibilizers improved the bonding between the nanoclay and polymer matrix, which results in enhanced glass transition temperature. The Tg is altered by the presence of high surface area nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The segmental motions of the polymer chains are restricted at the organic-inorganic interface; as a result, Tg has improved for nanocomposites. The confinement of polymer chains between the nanoclay layers and nanoclay surface-polymer interaction are other reasons for enhanced glass transition temperature. Unnikrishnan et al. (2011) also reported improvement in thermal stability for PMMA/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation method.

Fig. 8
figure 8

DSC curves of a PMMA, b PMMA-5-PP, c PMMA-5-PS and d PMMA-5-PS

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Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)

TGA is used to study the thermal degradation and stability of the polymer. The incorporation of clay is known to augment the thermal stability of polymers. The TGA results of nanoclay, pure PMMA and its nanocomposites are represented in Fig. 9. The TGA graph of nanoclay shows that the total weight loss of about 30 % occurs between 50 and 800 °C. The weight loss between 300 and 450 °C is due to the degradation of organic modifier present in the clay. The parameters that are important from TGA curves are the onset of degradation, which is usually taken as the temperature at which 10 % degradation occurs (T10 %) and the midpoint temperature of degradation (T50 %). When 10 % weight loss is selected as a point of comparison, the decomposition temperature of pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS is found to be 343.6, 341.3, 361.2 and 358.7 °C, respectively. The result clearly explains that the degradation of the nanocomposites takes place at higher temperatures than that of pure PMMA in the presence of nanoclay and compatibilizer. When 50 % weight loss is chosen as a point of reference, the decomposition temperature of pure PMMA, PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS is 371.1, 393.4, 407.7 and 403.8 °C, respectively, which is 32 to 36 °C higher than that of pure PMMA. The enhancement in the thermal stability of PMMA nanocomposites is due to the formation of char that inhibits the out dispersion of the volatile decomposition products as a direct result of the decrease in permeability. This reduction is commonly noticed in the intercalated or exfoliated clay platelets in polymer/organoclay nanocomposites (Unnikrishnan et al. 2011). The PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite shows 27 °C higher thermal stability as compared to PMMA-g-MA/C30B sample [34] at 50 % weight loss. It can be concluded that all the compatibilizers improve the thermal stability of the PMMA significantly.

Fig. 9
figure 9

TGA profile of a nanoclay, b pure PMMA, c PMMA-5-PP, d PMMA-5-PE and e PMMA-5-PS

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The TGA derivative of PMMA nanocomposites is demonstrated in Fig. 10. The peak indicates the temperature (Tmax) at a maximum rate of degradation. The entire first TGA derivative curves for PMMA nanocomposites are shifted towards the right side of pure PMMA, indicating enhanced thermal stability. The maximum degradation temperature for pure PMMA is 369.69 °C whereas of PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite is 414.59 °C. This indicates 44 °C improvement in thermal stability that will lead to better service performance of the nanocomposites at an elevated temperature. Similar observations were also reported for polystyrene nanocomposites (Sahu and Pugazhenthi 2011).

Fig. 10
figure 10

TGA derivative of a nanoclay, b pure PMMA, c PMMA-5-PP, d PMMA-5-PE and e PMMA-5-PS

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Conclusions

  1. 1.

    PMMA nanocomposites with different compatibilizer have been successfully prepared by melt compounding technique.

  2. 2.

    It is found from the XRD analysis that PMMA-5-PS sample shows a d-spacing of 3.26 nm. The TEM image also demonstrates that PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite possesses partially exfoliated structure.

  3. 3.

    The tensile modulus of nanocomposites increases by the incorporation of compatibilizers, and it is found to be 16, 17 and 20 % higher over pure PMMA for PMMA-5-PP, PMMA-5-PE and PMMA-5-PS, respectively.

  4. 4.

    The hardness (Shore D) is also improved by 34 % for PMMA-5-PS as compared to pure PMMA.

  5. 5.

    TGA study reveals that the entire nanocomposites exhibit enhanced thermal stability when compared with pure PMMA.

  6. 6.

    Among all the materials, PMMA-5-PS nanocomposite display shows optimum mechanical properties.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Central Instruments Facility, IIT Guwahati, for helping us to perform TEM analysis. XRD used in this work was financially supported by a FIST grant (SR/FST/ETII-028/2010) from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

    Manish Kumar & G Pugazhenthi

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

    S Arun

  3. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Ahmedabad, India

    Pradeep Upadhyaya

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  1. Manish Kumar
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  2. S Arun
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  3. Pradeep Upadhyaya
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  4. G Pugazhenthi
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Correspondence to G Pugazhenthi.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Manish Kumar carried out the nanocomposite fabrication and characterization of materials. S. Arun helped in the melt intercalation of polymer nanocomposite using twin screw extruder and tensile measurements. Pradeep Upadhyaya assisted in evaluation of impact test. G. Pugazhenthi guided the entire research work successfully starting from the novel idea, provocative discussion and helpful advice. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Kumar, M., Arun, S., Upadhyaya, P. et al. Properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites prepared using various compatibilizers. Int J Mech Mater Eng 10, 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40712-015-0035-x

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