Table 1 Additives used in MR fluid to reduce the problems of sedimentation, wear, and agglomeration and improve dispersability

1

Guar gum ((Wu et al., 2006); (Chen et al., 2005)), poly(methyl methacrylate) (Cho et al., 2004), carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, synthetic hectorite, xanthan gum (Carlson, 2002a)

0.5–1% by volume

Coating of iron particles to reduce the density consequently reducing sedimentation

2

Polyvinyl butyral (Jang et al., 2005)

0.5–1% by volume

Coating of iron particles to reduce the density and to improve anti-corrosion characteristic

3

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (Ashtiani et al., 2014), fibrous carbon (Sukhwani & Hirani, 2007), Aerosil 200, arabic gum (Turczyn & Kciuk, 2008)

0.25–1% by weight

Surfactants to coat the iron particles and subsequently reduce agglomeration of particles

4

Olefin polymer emulsifier, Tween-60 and Tween-80, Span-60 and Span-80 (Zhang et al., 2009)

1–2% by weight

Emulsifiers used to improve sedimentation stability of MR fluid.

5

Grease (Premalatha et al., 2012), colloidal clay ((Foister et al., 2003); (Hato et al., 2011); (Munoz, 1997)), fumed silica (Iyengar & Foister, 2002)

3–5% by weight

Thickeners used to reduce sedimentation of magnetic particles

6

Lecithin (Powell et al., 2013)

2% by weight

Surfactant used to mitigate the settling rate of the magnetic particles

7

Oleic acid (Sarkar & Hirani, 2013), zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, organo molybdenum (Foister et al., 2003), sodium nitrite (Carlson, 2002a)

1–3 % by volume

Anti-friction and anti-wear additives to reduce erosion

8

Magnetic nanoparticles (Portillo & Iglesias, 2017), iron naphthalate, iron oleate (Grunwald & Olabi, 2008),

1–6% by volume

Dispersants used to disperse the magnetic particles in the carrier fluid

9

Stearic acid (Ashtiani et al., 2014), sodium stearate, lithium stearate (Grunwald & Olabi, 2008)

1–3% by weight

Thixotropic additive used for increasing the density of the carrier fluid in order to improve sedimentation stability

10

Cholesteryl chloroformate (Mrlík et al., 2013)

1–3% by weight

Improves thermal stability and sedimentation stability of the MR fluid

11

Polystyrene (Fang et al., 2008)

1–2% by weight

Coating of the iron particles to reduce agglomeration and to improve sedimentation stability

12

N-glucose ethylenediamine triacetic acid (GED3A) (Cheng et al., 2010), polyvinylpyrrolidone (Phule, 1999), aluminum distearate, thiophosphorus, thiocarbamate (Sukhwani & Hirani, 2007)

0.25–2 % by weight

Improves sedimentation stability