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Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering

Table 2 Experimental and FE simulation results for various types of tubes

From: Multi-objective optimization of functionally graded thickness tubes under external inversion over circular dies

Tube case

P max (kN)

P m (kN)

E(kJ)

SEA(kJ/kg)

Exp.

FE

Diff. (%)

Exp.

FE

Diff. (%)

Exp.

FE

Diff. (%)

Exp.

FE

Diff. (%)

UT

47.9

52.4

8.5

28.1

33.4

15.8

1.6

1.9

15.7

32.4

38.5

15.8

FGT (α=1°)

47.4

53.9

12.6

39.3

42.9

7.2

2.1

2.5

16

43.9

48.6

9.6

FGT (α=2°)

43.6

49.2

11.3

37.8

45.2

16.3

1.9

2.3

17.3

38.2

42.3

10.7

FGT (α=3°)

28.4

33.=6

15.4

31.1

35.6

7.5

1.8

2.1

14.2

37.6

41.9

10.2

  1. Exp experimental results, FE finite element results, Diff difference
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