From: Multi-objective optimization of functionally graded thickness tubes under external inversion over circular dies
Type of optimization method
Optimal design variable
SEA (kJ/kg)
F max(kN)
Peak load constraint
m = 7.33, r = 3.13 mm
64.8
34.2
SEA constraint
m = 7.41, r = 3.18 mm
58.2
31.7