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Table 5 Optimization results of SEA for FGF filled conical tube with peak crushing force constraint

From: Multi-objective optimization of functionally graded thickness tubes under external inversion over circular dies

Type of optimization method

Optimal design variable

SEA (kJ/kg)

F max(kN)

Peak load constraint

m = 7.33, r = 3.13 mm

64.8

34.2

SEA constraint

m = 7.41, r = 3.18 mm

58.2

31.7