Table 5 Optimization results—objective function and constraints

RMS control force (N)

140.9662

445.4385

346.8979

–

VDV (m/s^1.75)

1.1782

1.4410

1.6174

2.1509

Aw (m/s²)

0.5057

0.6178

0.6890

0.9322

RMS suspension space deflection (m)

0.0085

0.01007

0.008700

0.009311

RMS tyre deflection (m)

0.0042

0.008864

0.007300

0.004473

Max control force (N)

345.6605

1423.1810

1173.24400

–

Max acceleration (m/s²)

2.31900

1.8615

2.1800

3.16720

Max suspension space deflection (m)

0.02520

0.03426

0.03050

0.02640

Max tyre deflection (m)

0.01350

0.02639

0.02510

0.01840